Monkeys have held a significant place in the art and culture of South American civilizations, both ancient and contemporary. Their presence is deeply interwoven with mythology, religious practices, and artistic expressions. Here's an overview of monkeys in the art and culture of South America:

1. Ancient Civilizations:

• Moche Civilization (Peru): The Moche people, who lived along the northern coast of present-day Peru, often depicted monkeys in their ceramics and other artworks. The Moche are particularly known for their portrait vessels, some of which feature monkeys.

• Nazca Lines (Peru): Among the famous geoglyphs etched into the desert plains by the Nazca civilization are figures of various animals, including a monkey.

• Tairona Culture (Colombia): Gold monkey figurines and ornaments created by the Tairona people have been discovered, underscoring the significance of the monkey in their culture.

2. Mythology & Religion:

• Amazonian Tribes: Various tribes in the Amazon rainforest have myths and stories about monkeys. Monkeys are often portrayed as tricksters or as figures that teach humans essential skills.

3. Art:

• Ceramics: Many pre-Columbian cultures of South America featured monkeys in their ceramics, either as decorative elements or as the primary subjects of the artwork.

• Textiles: Some Andean cultures incorporated monkey designs into their textiles, using intricate weaving techniques.

• Goldwork: Various civilizations, especially those in present-day Colombia, crafted gold ornaments and amulets with monkey motifs.

4. Folklore & Popular Culture:

• Howler Monkey Folklore: In some regions, the loud calls of howler monkeys are associated with legends. They are believed to be spirits or protectors of the rainforest.

• Carnivals & Festivals: In some local festivals, monkey masks and costumes are worn by participants, symbolizing different cultural or religious stories.

5. Modern Significance:

• Conservation Symbol: Due to the threats faced by many monkey species in South America from habitat loss, hunting, and the illegal pet trade, they have become symbols of wildlife conservation in the region. Art installations and media campaigns sometimes use monkeys to highlight environmental and conservation issues.

6. Contemporary Art:

• Modern South American artists occasionally integrate monkey imagery into their works, reflecting on themes ranging from nature and wilderness to societal commentary.

Monkeys have been a consistent and prominent feature in South American art and culture. Their varied representations, from sacred and mythical beings to symbols of nature's raw beauty and vitality, underscore their multifaceted importance in the region's cultural tapestry.